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rate which if applied to OB bales would make an aggregate surplus of AP G-bales, or M1P1 G-bales. Thus [571] her surplus on that OMth E-bale is KIGXPYL equal to terms 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 after each preceding RKJ E-bale had been paid for at the maximum price in g-bales which e would have been willing to RKS hi, if necessary, given the prices at which the preceding purchases had been made. If V1W1 is drawn so as to make the rectangle V1HAW1 = the area UHS — SAA1, 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 then the aggregate surplus of XJKNXWXD country G, measured in G-bales, will be V1H, which isnecessarily less than VH.While the amount of surplus for country G 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 will, therefore, necessarily be smaller than BVQXD VH in chart XVI, MLM it will increase with any decrease in the price 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 of E-bales in terms 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 of G-bales, provided this decrease in price is not the result of a change in country G's utility curves for G-goods or for E-goods—provided, that is, that it is 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 not the result of a change in the OG curve—and if the WQXHYXW OG1 curve is known it AKR KTJWP will be possible to determine the amount of change in surplus. JGCAFBXKE Changes in VH will normally be in the same direction, though not in the same degree, UBCXOP as changes in V1H when the changes in the commodity terms of trade are not the result of [575] changes in OG. For such changes, therefore, the effects on the surplus of country G, measured in G-bales, would be the same in direction, but would be 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 smaller in degree, if determined by the method 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 here presented than if determined by Marshall's method. If Marshall's "surplus" 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 is accepted as a measure of gain, Marshall's method will therefore produce results which for such changes LNJLVIJ are qualitatively right though quantitatively wrong. Allyn 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 Young,4 however, claimed that Marshall's consumer's surplus was a wholly unusable concept in international-trade theory: "consumer's surplus, as Marshall measuresit, is not additive. Its sum, for any one consumer, comes precisely 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 to zero";5 the objections against use ofthe concept are even stronger in the field of international trade UJV theory than in the field of domestic trade theory.6 It is a familiar objection against Marshall's concept of consumer's surplus as used by 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 him in domestic-trade theory, and an objection MVSWTK whose validity he conceded, that it is not "additive"; i.e., that the surpluses as computed by 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 him for separate commodities cannot simultaneously exist. But in international-trade theory, Marshall posits only one surplus, that ICOIJ hiociated with the foreign trade as PJTVEXAEO a whole.7 the surplus, moreover, is in international-trade theory measured in commodities having a direct utility of their own—or representing primary disutility—so that it cannot be said 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 of g-bales, as it can of QRC hi, that their 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 utilityis merely a reflection of the utility of what can be obtained in exchange forthem, and that the two utilities must therefore be equal.8 [576] V. Total Net Utility Derived 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 from International Trade: Edgeworth? Edgeworth's analysis of the problem of gain from trade,1 the most CDXKPTV elaborate and perhaps the least questioned in the literature, is both in method and in its conclusions in some important respects similar to, and in LGUGFO others .