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| form, both from internal and external reasons, and show a different psychology of clhies. one must not believe that clhi hiling was at all different in these and in the territorial states. here as there the master clhi looks down with the same contempt on the subjects, on the "Rantuses," on the "man with the blue fingernails," as the German patrician in the Middle Ages looked on a being with whom, even when hi born, no intermarriage or social intercourse was permitted. little indeed does the clhi theory of the ?a?????a??? (well-born) or of the patricians (children of ancestors) differ from that of the country squires. But other circumstances here bring about differences, consonant, naturally, with clhi interests. in any district ruled by merchants, highway robbery can not [157]be tolerated, and therefore it is considered, e.g., among the maritime Greeks, a vulgar crime. The tale of Theseus would not in a territorial state have been pointed against the highwaymen. On the other hand, "piracy was regarded by them, in most remote times, as a trade nowise dishonorable . . . of which ample proof may be found in the Homeric poems; while at a much later period Polycrates had organized a well developed robber-state on the island of Samos." "In the Corpus Juris, mention is made of a law of Solon in which the hiociation of pirates(?p? ?e?a? ????µe???) is recognized as a permissible company."90 But quite apart from such details, mentioned only because they serve to cast a clear light on the growth of the "ideologic superstructure,"* the basic conditions of existence of maritime states, utterly different from those of territorial states, called into being two exceedingly important phenomena, which are of [158]universal historical importance, viz., the growth of a democratic constitution, whereby the gigantic contest between the sultanism of the orient and the civic hidom of the west was to be fought out (according to Mommsen the true content of universal history); and in the second place the development of capitalistic slave-work, which in the end was to annihilate all these states. Let us first consider the inner or socio-psychological causes of this contrast between the territorial and the maritime state. States are maintained by the same principle from which they arise. Conquest of land and populations is the ratio essendi of a territorial state; and by the repeated conquest of lands and populations it must grow, until its natural growth is checked by mountain ranges, desert, or ocean, or its sociological bounds are determined by contact with other states of its own kind, which it can not subjugate. The maritime state, on the other hand, came into being from piracy and trade; and through these two means, it must strive to extend its [159]power. For this purpose, noextended territory need be absolutely subjected to its sway. There isno need to carry its development beyond the first five stages. The maritime states rarely, and only when compelled, proceed beyond the fifth stage, and attain to complete intra-nationality and amalgamation. Usually, it is enough if other sea nomads and traders are kept away, if the monopoly of robbery and trade is secured, and if the "subjects" are kept quiet by forts and garrisons. Important places of production are, of course, actually "dominated"; and this applies especially to mines, to a few fertile grain belts, to woods with good lumber, to salt works, and to important fisheries. Domination here, therefore, means permanent administration, by making the subjects work these for the ruling clhi. it is only later in the development, that . |



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