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Wednesday, July 2, 2014

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example of a similar institution. The strangers in nearly every instance settle down as a compact mhi, subject to their own laws [146]and their own jurisdiction. They often acquire great political influence, sometimes extending to dominion over the state. One would think the following tale of Ratzel, concerning the coast and islands of the Indian Ocean, were a contemporaneous narrative of the Phænician or Greek invasion of the Mediterranean at about 1,000 B. C.: "Whole nations have, so to say, been liquefied by trade, especially the proverbially clever, zealous, omnipresent Malays ofSumatra; as well as the treacherous Bugi of Celebes. These can be met with at everyplace from Singapore to New Guinea. latterly, especially in borneo, they have immigrated in mhies on the call of the Borneo chieftains. Their influence was so strong that they were permitted to govern themselves according to their own laws, and they felt themselves so strong that repeatedly they attempted to achieve independence. The Achinese formerly occupied a similar position. Malacca had been made the principal mart by Malays from Sumatra, and after its decline, Achin became the most frequented harbor of [147]this distant east, especially for the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the pivotal period of the development of that corner of the world."82 The following, from among numberless instances, demonstrate the universality of this form of settlement: "In Urga, where they politically dominate, the merchants are crowded together into a separate Chinese Town."83 In the Jewish States there were "small colonies of foreign merchants and mechanics, set apart in distinct quarters of the cities. Here, under the king's protection, they could live according to their own religious customs."84 We may also compare with this, First Kings XX, 34. "King Omri of Ephraim was forced by the military success of his opponent, the King of Damascus, to grant to the Aramaic merchants the use of certain parts of the city of Samaria, where under royal protection they could trade.Later, when the turn of war favored his successor, Ahab, the latter demanded the same privilege forthe Ephraimitic merchants in Damascus."85 "The inhabitants of Italy, wherever they were, held together as [148]solid and organized mhies, the soldiers as legionaries, the merchants of all large cities as corporations; while the Roman citizens domiciled or dwelling in the various provincial circuits, wereorganized as a 'convention of Roman citizens' with their owncommunal government."86 We may recall the mediæval Ghettos, which, before the great persecution of the Jews inthe Middle Ages, were similar merchant colonies. The settlements of Europeansin the ports of strong foreign empires at the present time show similar corporate organizations, having their own constitution and (consular) jurisdiction. China, Turkey and


Morocco must continue to bear this mark of inferiority, while recently Japan has been able to rid herself of that badge. The most interesting point about these colonies, at least for our study, consists in their general tendency to extend their political influence into complete domination. And there is good reason for this. Merchants have a mhi of movable wealth, which is likely to be used as a decisive factor in the political upheavals [149]constantly disturbing all feudal states, be it in international wars between two neighboring states, or in intra-national fights, such as wars of succession. In addition to this the colonists, in .





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