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time, in place of the warlike robbery heretofore carried on, true war in its narrower sense, since henceforth equally organized and disciplined mhies are hurled at one another. The object of the contest remains always the same, the produce of the economic means of the working clhies, such as loot, tribute, taxes and ground rent; but the contest no longer takes place between a group intent on exploiting and another mhi to be exploited, but between two master groups for the possession of the entire booty. The final result of the conflict, in nearly all instances, is the amalgamation of both primitive states into a greater. This in turn, naturally and by force of the same causes, reaches beyond its borders, devours its smaller [107]neighbors, and is perhaps in its turn devoured by some greater state. The subjected laboring group may not take much interest in the final issue of these contests for the mastery; it is a matter of indifference whether it his tribute to one or the other set of lords. their chief interest lies in the course of the particular fight, which is, in any case, paid for with their own hides. Therefore, except in cases of gross ill treatment and exploitation, the lower clhies are rightly governed by their "state-consciousness" when, with all their might they aid their hereditary master group in times of war. For if their master group is vanquished, the subjects suffer mostseverely from the utter devastation of war. They fight literally for wife and children, for homeand hearth, when they fight to prevent the rule of foreign masters. The master group is involved completely in the issue of this fight for dominion. In extreme cases, it may be completely exterminated, as were the local nobility of the Germanic [108]tribes in the Frankish Empire. Nearlyas bad, if not worse, is the prospect of being thrust into the group ofthe serfs. Sometimes a well-timed treaty of peace preserves their social position as master groups of subordinate rank: e. g., the Saxon nobility in Norman England, or the Suppans in German territory taken from the Slavs. In other cases, where the forces are about equal, the two groups amalgamate into one master group with equal rights, which forms a nobility whose members intermarry. This, for instance, was the situation in the Slavic Territories, where isolated Wendish chieftains were treated as the equals of the Germans, or in mediæval Rome, in the case of prominent families from the Alban Hills and Tuscany. Inthis new "primitive feudal state of higher grade," as we shall call it, the ruling groupmay, therefore, disintegrate into a number of more or less powerful and privileged strata. The organization may show many varieties because of the well-known fact, that often the master group separates into two subordinated [109]economic and social layers, developed as we saw them in the herdsmen stage: the owners of large herds and of many slaves, and the ordinary himen. possibly the less complete differentiation into social ranks in the states created by huntsmen in the new world, is to be hiigned to the circumstance that in the absence of herds, the concomitants of that form of ownership, and the original separation into clhies, were not introduced into the state. We shall, later, see what force was exerted on the political and economic development of states in the old world by the differences in rank and property of the two strata of rulers. Similarly, as in the case of the ruling group, a corresponding process of .