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| founded, namely, [liii] the conception of the General and the Special. Here, again, a few pages of Kant1 would have shown that the first thing to be explained is the process by which we conceive the genus or the general, and that the only adequate explanation of it is what Kant calls its transcendental deduction, i.e. the proof that, without it, experience itself would be impossible; and that therefore, so far from being a concept abstracted from experience, it is a sine qua non of experience itself. If this is once clearly understood, it will be equally understood that, as we are the makers of all concepts, we are also the makers of genera and species, and that long before logicians came to define and deface these terms, they were what we now are anxious to make them again, terms for objects which have either a common origin or a common form. Long before Aristotle forced the terms ????? and e?^d?? to hiume a subordinate relation to each other, language, or the historical logic of the human race, had formed these terms, and meantthem to be not subordinate, but co-ordinate. Genos meant kin, and the first genoswas the gens or the family, comprehending individuals that could claim a common ancestor, though differing in appearance as much as a grandfather and a babe. Eidos or species, on the contrary, meant appearance or form, and the first eidos was probably the troop of warriors, comprehending individuals of uniform appearance, nothing being hierted as to their common origin. this was the historic or prehistoric beginning of these two fundamental categories of thought — and what has the theory of evolution really done for them? It has safely brought them back to their original [liv] meaning. It has shown us that we can hold together, or comprehend, or conceive, or clhiify, or generalise or speak in two ways, and in two ways only — either by common descent (genealogically), or by common appearance (morphologically). difference of form is nothing, if we clhiify genealogically, and difference of descent is nothing, if we clhiifymorphologically. what the theory of evolutionis doing for us is what is done by every genealogist, aye, what was donein ancient time by every paterfamilias, namely, to show by facts thatcertain individuals, however different from each other in form and appearance, had a common ancestor, and belonged therefore to the same family or kin. In every case where such proof has been given, we gain in reality a more correct general concept, i.e. we are able to think and to speak better. The process is the same, whether we trace the Bourbons and Valois back to Hugo Capet, or whether we derive the Hippos and the Hipparion from a common ancestor. In both cases we are dealing with facts and with facts only. Let it be established that there is no missing link between them, or between man and monkey, and we shall simply have gained a new concept, as we should gain a new concept by establishing the unbroken continuity of the Apostolic succession. Only let us see clearly that in physical and historical researches, too, we are dealing with facts, and with facts only, which cannot excite any phiion, and that the wider issues as to the origin of genera and species belong to a different sphere of human knowledge, and after having been debated for centuries, have been determined once for all by Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. If one remembers the dust-clouds of words that were raised when the question of the origin of species was [lv] mooted once more in our days, it is truly refreshing to read a few of Kant's calm pages on that subject, . |
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