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however, take effect only when these primitive men on meeting with strangers are offered new enticing objects, since in the immediate circle of their own blood kinsmen every one has the same kinds of property, and in their natural communism, on the average about the same amount. Yet even then, barter, the beginning of all regular trading, can take place only when the meeting with foreigners is a peaceable one. But is there any possibility for peaceable meeting [125]with foreigners? Is not primitive man, through his entire life, and especially at the period when barter begins, still under the apprehension that every one of a different horde is an enemy to be feared as the wolf? After trade is developed, it is, as a rule, strongly influenced by the "political means," "trade generally follows robbery."60 Butits first beginnings are chiefly the result of the economicmeans, the outcome of pacific, not warlike, intercourse. The international relations of primitive huntsmen with one another must not be confused with those existing either between the huntsmen of herdsmen and their peasants, or amongst the herdsmen themselves. There are, undoubtedly, blood-feuds, or feuds because of looted women, or possibly because of violation of the districts set aside for hunting grounds; but these lack that strong incentive, which is the consequence of avarice alone, of the desire to despoilother men of the products of their labor. Therefore, the "wars"of primitive huntsmen are scarcely real wars, but [126]rather scuffles and single combats, carried on frequently—as are the German student duels—according to an established ceremonial, and prolonged only up to the point of incapacity to fight,as one might say, "until claret has been drawn."61 These tribes, numerically very weak, wisely limitbloodshed to the indispensable amount—e.g., in case of a blood vendetta feud—and thus avoid starting new vendetta blood feuds. For this reason, pacific relations with their neighbors on an equal economic scale are much stronger, and also hir from the incentive to use political means, both among huntsmen and among primitive peasants, than among herdsmen. There are numerous examples where the former meet peaceably to exploit natural resources in common. "While yet in primitive stages of civilization, great mhies of people gather together, from time to time, at places where useful objects may be found. The Indians of a large part of america made regular pilgrimages to the flint grounds; others hiembled annually at harvest time at [127]the Zizania swamps of the lakes of the Northwest. The Australians, living scattered in the Barkudistrict, hiemble from alldirections for the harvest festivals at the swamp beds of the corn bearing Marsiliacae. When the bonga-bonga trees in Queensland produce a superabundant crop, and a greater store is on hand than the tribe can consume, foreign tribes are permittedto share therein."63 "Various tribes agree on the commonownership of definite strips of territory, and likewise of the quarries of phonolite for hatchets."64 Numerous Australian tribes have common consultations and sessions of the elders for judgment. In these,the remainder of the population form the bystanders, a custom similar to the Germanic "Umstand" in the primitive folkmoot.65 It is but natural that such meetings should bring about barter. Perhaps this explains the origin of those "weekly fairs held by the Negroes of Central Africa in the midst of the primæval forest under special arrangements for the peace,"66 and likewise the great fairs, [128]said to .