Self apply a super durable-industrial floor coating(that sticks to ANY surface) Your NO slip garage or patio awaits

If you can't read our Adver-tisement as pictures are blank? Make sure to go here to re-load.

Self apply a super durable-industrial floor coating(that sticks to ANY surface) Your NO slip garage or patio awaits

a higher grade" into various strata more or less despised and compelled to render service. It is only necessary to recall the very marked difference in the social and jural position occupied by the peasantry in the Doric States, Lacedæmon and Crete, and among the Thessalians, where the perioiki had clear [110]rights of possession and fairly well protected political rights, while the helots, in the latter case the penestai, were almost unprotected in life and property. Among the old Saxons also we find a clhi, the liti, intermediate between the common himen and the serfs.52 These examples could be multiplied; apparently they are caused by the same tendencies that brought about the differentiation among the nobility mentioned above. When two primitive feudal states amalgamate, their social layers stratify in a variety of ways, which to a certain extent are comparable to the combinations resulting from mixing together two packs of cards. It is certain that this mechanical mixture caused by political forces, influences the development of castes, that is to say, of hereditary professions, which at the same time form a hierarchy of social clhies. "Castes are usually, if not always, consequences of conquest and subjugation by foreigners."53 Although this problem has not been completely solved, it may be said that the formation of castes hasbeen very strongly influenced by[111]economic and religious factors. It is probable that castes came about in some such way as this: state-forming forces penetrated into existing economic organizations, and vocations underwent adaptation, and then became petrified under the influence of religious concepts, which, however, may also have influenced their original formation. This seems to follow from the fact that even as between man and woman there existcertain separations of vocation, which, soto say, are taboo and imphiable. thus among allhuntsmen, tilling the ground is woman's work, while among many African shepherds, as soon as the oxplow isused, agriculture becomes man's work, and then women may not, under pain of sacrilege, use the domestic cattle*. It is likely that such religious concepts may have brought it about that a vocation became hereditary, and then compulsorily hereditary, especially where a tribe or a village carried on [112]a particular craft. This happens with all tribes in a state of nature, where intercourse is easily possible, especially in the case of islanders. When some such group has been conquered by another tribe, the subjects, with their developed hereditary vocations, tend to form within the new state entity a pure "caste." Their caste position depends partly upon the esteem they had heretofore enjoyed among their own people, and partly upon the advantage which their vocation affords their new masters. If, as was often the case, wavesof conquest followed one another in series, the formation of castes mightbe multiplied, especially if in the meantime economic development had worked out many vocational clhies. This development is probably best seen in the group of smiths, who, in nearly all cases, have occupied a peculiar position, half feared and halfdespised. In Africa especially, since the beginning oftime, we find tribes of expert smiths, as followers and dependents of shepherd tribes. The Hyksos brought such tribes with them into the Nile country, and perhaps [113]owed their decisive victory to arms made by them; and until recent times the Dinka kept the iron working Djur in a sort of subject relation. .