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them, clhi domination, on this theory, is the result of a gradual differentiation from an original state of general equality and hidom, with no implication in it of any extra-economic power. Robert Malthus applied this alleged law to the future, in his attempt to demonstrate any kind of Socialism to be purely Utopian. His celebrated Law of Population is nothing but the law of [viii]original accumulation projected into the future. He claims that if any attempt were made to restore the state of economic equality, the workings of the law would have the effect—because of the difference in economic efficiency—of restoring modern clhi conditions. All orthodox sociology begins with the struggle against this supposed law of clhi formations. yet every step of progress made in the various fields of the science of sociology, has been made by tearing up, one by one, the innumerable and far-spreading roots which have proceeded from this supposed axiom. a sound sociology has to recall the fact that clhi formation in historic times, did not take place through gradual differentiation in pacific economic competition, but was the result of violent conquest and subjugation. As both Capitalism and Socialism had their origins inEngland, these new ideas were certain to find their firstexpression in that country. So that we find Gerrard Winstanley,the leader of the "true levellers" of Cromwell's time, arraying the facts of history against this anti-historical theoretical hiumption. he showed that the english ruling clhi (the Squirearchy) was composed essentially of the victorious conquerors, the normans, and that the subject clhi were the conquered english saxons. but his demonstration had little influence. It was only when the great French Revolution brought the contrast out sharply that the thought sunk in. No less a person than Count St. Simon, acknowledged as the founder of the science of modern sociology, and the no less scientific Socialism, discovered in the dominant clhi of his country the frankish and burgundian conquerors, and in its subject population, the [ix]descendants of the Romanized Celts. It was the publication of this discovery that gave birth to Western European sociology. The conclusions drawn from it werecarried further by St. Simon's disciple, August Comte, in his Philosophyof History, and by the Saint Simonists, Enfantin and Bazard. These thinkers had great influence on the economic development of the next century; but their chief contribution was the elaboration of the sociologic idea of the State. Among the peoples of Western Europe, the new sociology found a readier acceptance than it did among those of Eastern Europe. The reason for this can easily be seen when it is remembered that in the East the contrast between the "State" and "Society," had not been so definitely realized, as it had been in the West. Even in the West, this contrast was only fully appreciated, as a social fact, in England, France, the Netherlands and italy, because in these countries only the clhi of mobile wealth which had worked its way up as the third estate,had succeeded in ousting the feudal "State." In France, the league of the capitalistswith the Crown against the then armed and active nobility had succeeded in subjecting the Frondeurs under the absolute power of the King. From this time on, this new estate represented itself as the Nation, and the term "National Economy" takes the place of the older term "Political Economy." The members of this .