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fellow clansmen. since that time, his clhiic narrative has stood as a norm—their clhi psychology appears as the race psychology of all celts. Not even Mommsen escaped this error. The resultis that now, in everybook on universal history or [103]sociology, one may read the palpable error, repeated until contradiction is of no avail, although a mere glance would have sufficed to show that all peoples of all races, in the same stage of their development, have showed the samecharacteristics; in Europe, Thessalians, Apulians, Campanians,Germans, Poles, etc. Meanwhile the Celts, and specifically the French, in different stages of their development, have showed quite different traits of character. The psychology belongs to the stage of development, not to the race! Whenever, on the other hand, the religious sanctions of the "state" are weak, or become so, there develops as a group theory on the part of the subjects, the concept, either clear or blurred, of Natural Law. The lower clhi regards the race pride and the hiumed superiority of the nobles as presumptuous, claims to be of as good race and blood as the ruling clhi—and from their standpoint again quite correctly, since according to their views, labor, efficiency and order are accounted the only virtues. They are skeptical also as to the religion [104]which is the helper of their adversaries; and are as firmly convinced as are the nobles of the directly opposite opinion, namely, that the privileges of the master group violate law as well as reason. Later development is not able to add any essential point to the factors originally given. Under the influence of theseideas, now clearly, now obscurely brought out, the two groups henceforth fight out their battles, each for its own interests. The young state would be burst apart under the strain of such centrifugal forces, were it not for the centripetal pullof common interests, of the still morepowerful state-consciousness. The pressure of foreigners from without, of common enemies, overcomes the inner strain of conflicting clhi interests. an example may be found in the tale of the secession of the "Plebs" and the successful mission of Menenius Agrippa. And so the young state would, like a planet, swing through all eternity in its predetermined orbit, in accordance with the parallelogram of forces, were it not that it and its surrounding [105]world is changed and developed until it produces new external and inner energies. (d) the primitive feudal state of higher grade? Growth in itself conditions important changes; and the young state must grow. The same forces that brought it intobeing, urge its extension, require it to grasp more power.Even were such a young state "sated," as many a modern state claims to be, it would still be forced to stretch and grow under penalty of extinction. Under primitive social conditions Goethe'slines apply with absolute truth: "You must rise or fall, conquer or yield, be hammer or anvil." States are maintained in accordance withthe same principles that called them into being. The primitive state is the creation of warlike robbery; and only by warlike robbery can it be preserved. The economic want of the master group has no limits; no man is sufficiently rich to satisfy his desires. The political means are turned on [106]new groups of peasants not yet subjected, or new coasts yet unpilfered are sought out. The primitive state expands, until a collision takes place on the edge of the "sphere of interests" of another primitive state, which . |
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