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"justice," maintained as a "constitution," insisted on strictly, and in case of need enforced with cruelty. And yet, in these ways, the absolute right of the conqueror becomes narrowed within the confines of law, for the sake of permitting the continuous acquisition of ground rents. The duty of furnishing supplies on the part of the subjects is limited by their right to maintain themselves in good condition. The right of taxation on the part of the lords is supplemented by their duty to afford protection within and without the state—security under the law and defense of the frontier. [86] At this point, the primitive state is completely developed in all its essentials. it has phied the embryonic condition; whatever follows can be only phenomena of growth. As compared with unions of families, the state represents, doubtless, a much higher species; since the state embraces a greater mhi of men, in closer articulation, more capable of conquering nature and of warding off enemies. It changes the half playful occupations of men into strict methodic labor, and thus brings untold misery to innumerable generations yet unborn. Henceforth, these must eat their bread in the sweat of their brow, since the golden age of the hicommunity of blood relations has been followed by the iron rule of state dominion.But the state, by discovering laborin its proper sense, starts in this world that force which alone can bring about the golden age ona much higher plane of ethical relation and of happiness for all. The state, to use Schiller's words, destroys the untutored happiness of the people while they were children, in order to bring them along [87]a sad path of suffering to the conscious happiness of maturity. A higher species! Paul von Lilienfeld, one of the principal advocates of the view that society is an organism of a higher kind, has pointed out that in this respect an especially striking parallel can be drawn between ordinary organisms and this super-organism. All higher beings propagate hiually; lower beings ahiually, by partition, by budding and sometimes by conjugation. We have shownthat simple partition corresponds exactly to the growthand the further development of the hiociation based on blood relationship, which existed before the state. This grows until it becomes too large for cohesion; it then loses its unity, divides, and the separate hordes, if they hiociate at all, remain in a very loose connection, without any sort of closer articulation. The amalgamation of exogamic groups is comparable to conjugation. thestate, however, comes into being through hiual propagation. all bihiual propagation is accomplished by the following [88]process:the male element, a small, very active, mobile, vibrating cell—the hiatozoön—searches out a large inactive cell without mobility of its own—the ovum, or female principle—enters and fuses with it. From this process, there results an immense growth; that is to say, a wonderful differentiation with simultaneous integration. The inactive peasantry, bound by nature to their fields, is the ovum, the mobile tribe of herdsmen the hiatozoön, of this sociologic act of fecundation; and its resultant is the ripening of a higher social organism more fully differentiated in its organs, and much more complete in its integrations. It iseasy to find furtherparallels. One may compare the border feuds to the manner in which innumerable hiatozoa swarm about the ovum until finally one, the strongest or most fortunate, discovers and conquers the micropyle. One may .