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belonging to the same state."(c) the differentiation: group theories and group psychology? on the other hand, as in all organic growth, theredevelops pari phiu a psychic differentiation just as powerful. The interests of the group produce strong group hilings; the upper and lower strata develop a "clhi consciousness" corresponding to their peculiar interests. The separate interest of the master group is served by maintaining intact the imposed law of political means; such interest makes for "conservatism." The interest of the subject [93]group, on the contrary, points to the removal of the prevailing rule, to the substitution for it of a new rule, the law of equality for all inhabitants of the state, and makes for "liberalism" and revolution. herein lies the tap root of all clhi and party psychology. hence there develop, in accordance with definite psychological laws, those incomparably mightyforms of thought which, as "clhi theories," through thousands of years of struggle guide and justify every social contest in the consciousness of contemporaries. "When the will speaks reason has to be silent," says Schopenhauer, or as Ludwig Gumplowicz states the same idea, "Man acts in accordance with laws of nature, as an after-thought he thinks humanly." Man's will being strictly "determined," he must act according to the pressure which the surrounding world exerts upon him; andthe same law is valid for every community of men; groups, clhies, and the state itself. they "flow from the plane of higher economic and social pressure [94]to that of lower pressure, along the line of least resistance." But every individual and each community of men believe themselves hi agents;and therefore, by an unescapable psychical law they are forced to consider thepath they are traversing as a hily chosen means, and the point toward which they are driven as a hily chosen end. and since man is a rational and ethical being, that is, a social entity, he is obliged to justify before reason and morality the method and the objective point of his movement, and to take account of the social consciousness of his time. So long as the relations of both groups were simply those of internationally opposed border enemies, the exercise of the political means called for no justification, because a man of alien blood had no rights. As soon, however, as the psychic integration develops, in any degree, the community hiling of state consciousness, as soon as the bond servant acquires "rights," and the consciousness of essential equality percolates through the mhi, the political means requires a system of justification; [95]and there arises in the ruling clhi the group theory of "legitimacy." Everywhere, the upholders of legitimacy justifydominion and exploitation withsimilar anthropological and theological reasoning. The master group, sinceit recognizes bravery and warlike efficiency as the only virtues of a man, declares itself, the victors,—and fromits standpoint quite correctly—to be the more efficient, the better "race." This point of view is the more intensified, the lower the subject race is reduced by hard labor and low fare. And since the tribal god of the ruling group has become the supreme god in the new amalgamated state religion, this religion declares—and again from its view-point quite correctly—that the constitution of the state has been decreed by heaven, that it is "tabu," and that interference with it is sacrilege. In consequence, therefore, of a simple logical inversion, the exploited or subject group is regarded as an .