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same clique—extends just as far as his power. One finds this high praise of the political means nowhere so well stated as in the well-known Doric drinking song: "I have great treasures; the spear and the sword; Wherewith to guard my body, the bull hide shield well tried. With these I can plough, and harvest my crop, With these I can garner the sweet grape wine, By them I bear the name 'Lord' with my serfs. "But these never dare to bear spear and sword, Still less the guard of the body, the bull hide shield well tried. they lie at my hit stretched out on the ground, My hand is licked by them as by hounds, I am their Persian king—terrifying them by my name."50 In these wanton lines is expressed the pride [100]of warlike lords. The following verses, taken from an entirely different phase of civilization, show that the robber still has part in the warrior in spite of Christianity, the Peace of God, and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. These lines also praise the political means, but in its most crude form, simple robbery: "Would you eke out your life, my young noble squire, Follow then my teaching, upon your horse and join the gang! Take to the greenwood, when the peasant comes up, Run him down quickly, grab him then by the collar, Rejoice in your heart, taking from him whatever he has, Unharness his horses and get you away!"51 "Unless," as Sombart adds, "he preferred to hunt nobler game and to relieve merchants of their valuable consignments. The nobles carried on robbery as a natural method of supplementing their earnings, extending it more and more as the income from their property no longer sufficed to hi for the increasing demands of daily consumption and luxury. The system of hibooting was considered a thoroughly honorable occupation, since it met [101]the demand of the essence of chivalry, that every one should appropriate whatever was within reach of his spear point or of the blade of his sword. the nobles learned hibooting as the cobbler was brought up to his trade. The ballad has put this in merry wise: "To pillage, to rob, that is no shame, The best in the land do quite the same." Besides this principal point of the "squirearchical" psychology, a second distinguishing mark scarcely less characteristic is found in the piety of these folk whether it be of conviction or merely strongly accentuated in public. It seems as though the same social ideas always force identical characteristics on the ruling clhi. this is ilhirated bythe form under whichGod, in their view, appears as their special National God and preponderatingly as a God of War. Although they profess God as the creator of all men, even of their enemies, and since Christianity, as the God of love, this does not counteract the force with which clhi interests formulate their appropriate ideology. [102] in order to complete the sketch of the psychology of the ruling clhi, we mustnot forget the tendency to squander, easily understood in those "ignorant of the taste of toil," which appearssometimes in a higher form as generosity; nor must we forget, as their supreme trait, thatdeath-despising bravery, whichis called forth by the coercion imposed on a minority, their need to defend their rights at any time with arms, and which is favored by a hidom from all labor which permits the development of the body in hunting, sport and feuds. Its caricature is combativeness, and a super-sensitiveness to personal honor, which degenerates into madness. At this point a small digression: Cæsar found the Celts just at that stage of their development, in which the nobles had obtained dominion over their .