Go.,.anywhere--you want to sail

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Go.,.anywhere--you want to sail

territory not yet conquered. A condition very like the rule of the Hova in Madagascar. One would not say that scattering a few garrisons, or better still, military colonies, over the land, is a mark of absolute dominion, since these colonies, with great trouble, maintain a strip of a few miles in subjection."39 The logic of events presses quickly from the fourth to the fifth stage, and fashions almost [78]completely the full state. Quarrels arise between neighboring villages or clans, which the lords no longer permit to be fought out, since by this the capacity of the peasants for service would be impaired. the lords hiume the right to arbitrate, and in case of need, to enforce their judgment. In the end, it happens that at each "court" of the village king or chief of the clan there is an official deputy who exercises the power, while the chiefs are permitted to retain the appearance of authority. The state of the Incas shows, in a primitive condition, a typical example of this arrangement. Here we find the Incas united at Cuzco where they had their patrimonial lands anddwellings.40 A representative of the Incas, the Tucricuc, however, resided in every district at the courtof the native chieftain. He "had supervision over all affairs of his district; he raised the troops, superintended the delivery of the tribute, ordered the forced labor on roads and bridges, superintended the administration [79]of justice, and in short supervised everything in his district."41 The same institutions which have been developed by American huntsmen and Semite shepherds are found also among African herdsmen. In Ashanti,the system of the Tucricuc has been developed in a typicalfashion;42 and the Dualla have established for their subjects living in segregatedvillages "an institution based on conquest midway between a feudal systemand slavery."43 The same author reports that the Barotse have a constitution corresponding to the earliest stage of the mediæval feudal organization: "Their villages are . . . as a rule surrounded by a circleof hamlets where theirserfs live. These till the fields of their lords in the immediate neighborhood, grow grain, or herd the cattle."44 The only thing that is not typical here consists in this, that the lords do not live in isolated castles or halls, but are settled in villages among their subjects. It is only a very small step from the Incas to [80]the Dorians in Lacedæmon, Messenia, or Crete; and no greater distance separates the Fulbe, Dualla and Barotse from the comparatively rigidly organized feudal states of the African Negro Empires of Uganda, Unyoro, etc.; and the corresponding feudal empires of Eastern and Western Europe and of all Asia. In all places, the same results are brought about by force of the same socio-psychological causes. The necessity of keeping the subjects in order and at the same time of maintaining them at their full capacity for labor, leads step by step from the fifth to the sixth stage, in which the state, by acquiring full intra-nationality and by the evolution of "Nationality," is developed in every sense. The need becomes more and more frequent to interfere, toallay difficulties, to punish, or to coerce obedience; and thus develop the habit of rule and theusages of government. The two groups, separated, to begin with, and then united on one territory, are at first merely laid alongside one another, then are scattered through one another like a mechanical mixture, as the term is [81]used in chemistry, until gradually they become more and more of a "chemical combination." They .