Finally....Attention: Veterans, you do not...need to put 20% down

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Finally....Attention: Veterans, you do not...need to put 20% down

In this second stage of the formation of states, the ground work, in its essentials, has been mapped out. No further step can be compared in importance to the transition whereby the bear becomes a bee-keeper. For this reason, short references must suffice. The third stage arrives when the "surplus" obtained by the peasantry is brought by them regularly to the tents of the herdsmen as "tribute," a regulation which affords to both parties self-evident and considerable advantages. By this means,the peasantry is relieved entirely from the little irregularities connected with the former method oftaxation, such as a few men knocked on the head, women violated, or farmhouses burned down. the [71]herdsmen on the other hand, need no longer apply to this "hi" any "expense" and labor, to use a mercantile expression; and they devote the time and energy thus set hi toward an "extension of the works," in other words, to subjugating other peasants. This form of tribute is found in many well-known instances in history: Huns, Magyars, Tartars, Turks, have derived their largest income from their European tributes. Sometimes the character of the tribute paid by the subjects to their master is more or less blurred, and the act hiumes the guise of hi for protection, or indeed, of a subvention. the tale is well known whereby Attila was pictured by the weakling emperor at constantinople as a vhial prince; while the tribute he paid to the hun appeared as a hi. The fourth stage, once more, is of very great importance, since it adds the decisive factor in the development of the state, as we are accustomed to see it, namely, the union on one strip of land of both ethnic groups.* (It is well [72]known that no jural definition of a state can be arrived at without the concept of state territory.) From now on, the relation of the two groups, which was originally international, gradually becomes more and more international. This territorial union may be caused by foreign influences. It may be that stronger hordes have crowded the herdsmen forward, orthat their increase in population has reached the limit set by the nutritive capacity ofthe steppes or praises; it may be that a great cattle plague has forced the herdsmen to exchange [73]the unlimited scope of the prairies for the narrows of some river valley. In general, however, internal causes alone suffice to bring it about that the herdsmen stay in the neighborhood of their peasants. The duty of protecting their tributaries against other "bears" forces them to keep a levy of young warriors in the neighborhood of their subjects; and this is at the same time an excellent measure of defense since it prevents the peasants from giving way to a desire to break their bonds, or to let some other herdsmen become their overlords. This latter occurrence is by no means rare, since, if tradition is correct, it is the means whereby the sons of Rurik came to Russia. As yet the local juxtaposition does not mean a state community in its narrowest sense; that is tosay, a unital organization. In case the herdsmen are dealing with utterly unwarlike subjects,they carry on their nomad life, peaceably wandering up and down and herding their cattle among their perioike and helots. This is the case with the light-colored Wahuma,32 "the handsomest men of [74]the world" (Kandt), in Central Africa, or the Tuareg clan of the Hadanara of the Asgars, "who have taken up their seats among the imrad and have become wandering hibooters. these imrad are the serving clhi of the asgars, who live on them, although .