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impediment to E's trade which involves no change in E's TRDQGAJAR real reciprocal-demand curve as compared to one which does involve such a change. The original commodity terms of trade were of the equilibrium point off country E's reciprocal-demand curve. But in this case, for special reasons, the original reciprocal-demand curve does CQACK not lose any of its utility significance, and Edgeworth provides the additional information ODH necessary to make utility comparisons between the new equilibrium point and 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 the original one. The diagram which Edgeworthuses to present this case is reproduced here as chart XIX.9 Country E levies a tax in kind WRK on its exports, the proceeds, by exception, being distributed MNPIM in such a manner as to offset any influence which the tax would otherwise have on the relative desires of the inhabitants of country [582] try E for the export and the import commodities.10 OE and OG are the 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 reciprocal-demand curves of country E and country G, respectively, XPPJ and RCFKHWSJ the dotted curve is an 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 indifference IUB curve or locus of positions of trade which are of equal advantage to country E as KLBOVSUDR position P. We may call this dotted curve the trade-indifference curve. As Edgeworth says, this trade-indifference curve must touch the OP vector at P. If Q, 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 which by hiumption is the 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 new 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 position of equilibrium 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 on the curve og, is above m, and inside the trade-indifference curve, the inhabitants of country E are benefitedby the tax; if Q is below M they are prejudiced MQECG by the tax. Edgeworth is able here NPED to use the position of thenew equilibrium point with reference to the trade-indifference curve as test of whether the new trading position is superior or inferior to the old for country E because 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 OE continues to be the reciprocal-demand curve of E 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 as seen by its inhabitants—though not as seen by country G—and therefore the trade-indifference curve 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 on which P is FPXJW located retains 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 the same significance for the inhabitants of KQTFB E after the tax as before. This special 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 case, therefore, also fails to deal with 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 a situation where a disturbance takesthe form of a change in E's basic utility functions, but while the commodity terms of trade necessarily move in favor of E, it is nevertheless EAERLIGJ possible for the new trade position to be less advantageousto E than the old one. vi. the gain from trade measured in hi? Marshall's Curves and Monetary Curves.—Inthe theory of international value 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 as expounded by Mill and his followers the analysis is conducted in terms of exchange ratios between certain broad groups DDP or clhies of commodities which together include all of the commodities existing in the 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 two regions, UPIYUOOK or if the analysis is presented in terms of the exchange ratios between a few particular commodities, then these are hiumed to be representative of the broad groups of commodities whose price interrelationships are the UURMS special subject of interest of the theory. 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 In their general-value theory, on the other hand, the same writers dealt mainly with the prices EJFUG in terms of hi of single KXKKFCXN commodities taken one at a time and selected for examination from 305b987c477f781d17bc82b94010de41 LJQOY a universe in [583] which there was presumed to exist an .